My Best Vacation Essay Example for Free

My Best Vacation Essay Dear all, Today, I would like to tell you about my best vacation. A few summers ago, my sister, her  colleagues and me took a vacation to Nha Trang for  5 days. As you know, vacation was special days! We visitted many well-known places such as: Vinpeal Land, Hon Tam Island, Diamond Bay, Thap Ba Pagoda, and so on. On the way riding in the cable car  to go to Vinpeal Land,  we saw  several jelly fish in the very blue water. It  is the first time I have ever seen an  extremely  beautiful view like that,  so I  felt very  interested and relaxed. We stayed there all day to play games,  visit the aquarium, take photographs, We spent another day  diving into the sea to view the colorful coral. At the moment I  felt  anxious  because I couldnt swim, but when I saw the coral, its beauty made me fogot all thing. In the next day, I  took a boat for some where that I dont know to eat seafood such as: fish, cuttle fish,  shrimp, The food  was so fresh and delicious. At night, we rent bicycle to ride along the seacoast. It was so romantic journey. After we utterly exhausted, we droped in shift  shop where we ate lobster, grilled meat roll and drank sugar-cane juice The last day before came back home, we went to the market to buy  speacialities and souvenirs for our family and fiends. Although  I got sick after the vacation but I felt so happy from my heart. I love my vacation so much. Thank you for reading.

Framing And Controlling Media Discourse On Terrorism Criminology Essay

Framing And Controlling Media Discourse On Terrorism Criminology Essay Following the September 11 attacks in 2001 in America, terrorism obtained a global reputation and public reaction throughout the world. Terrorism is not a new phenomenon. It has existed from centuries ago. But that time (September 11, 2001) America was the terrorists target. It was the first time that such massive attack was spread among people around the world by live news. In recent years, the number of stories and news about terrorist and terrorism discourses has been increased, especially after September 11, 2001 in America and July 7, 2005 in London. The Media and the government, as the key institutions in every society, play significant role to create public knowledge toward terrorist and terrorism. It seems that the media, as a tool for presentation of the governments policy, is used and controlled by government in coverage of news about terrorist and terrorism themes. In this essay I am going to address this question: who (which organisation) is managing and controlling media content and discourse about terrorism? According to literatures, (e.g. Hoffman 2006; Paletz 1992) the media is affected directly by governments policy. On the other hand, the media may do the terrorists favours because the media can be also used by terrorists to spread their own news, information and beliefs across society and the world. Altheide (2006), Hoffman (2006) and paletz and Boiney (1992) argue that the media itself plays main role in managing and framing media discourse on terrorist. However, it seems that the media is a device that is used by both government and terrorists to impact on the public mind. Thus, they can utilize the media, negatively or positively, to achieve their goals, meaning that the media does not have complete control over its contents. The reminder of this essay contains of section 2 that discusses about the definition of terrorism,. In section 3 addresses the question of the essay. Finally, section 4 provides the conclusion of the essay. Terrorism and Terrorist In fact, in the last hundred years, terrorism has not much changed. However; a unique and complete definition of this phenomenon does not exist. Despite the expansion of terrorism and its importance for the international security, defining the term terrorism is still faced with uncertainty. One of the main reasons for this ambiguity may be the diversity of terrorists goals and the variety of terrorism forms. Therefore, there is no universally definition of terrorism. On the whole, the word terrorism (terror) means the panic and fear. Common definition of terrorism refers to violent acts and aggressive behaviours which lead to create fear or terror among people. Hoffman (2006) quotes from terrorism group that violent actionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. are shocking. We want to shock people; everywhereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.It is our way of communicating with the people. The concept of shock suggests creating fear and murder, threats and intimidation among people. Among various definitions of terrorism, some of them are provided below: The United State Department of Defence (DOD) define terrorism as the unlawful use of violence or threat of violence to install fear and coerce governments or societies. Terrorism is often motivated by religious, political, or other ideological beliefs and committed in the pursuit of goals that are usually political. According to United Nation in (1992) terrorism means: An anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby- in contrast to assassination- the direct targets of violence are not the main targets.(http://www.terrorism-research.com) The U.S Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) describes terrorism as: the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. Taylor (1986) cited in Cottle (2006) sees terrorism as the violence which is done by none -sates groups or individuals. Therefore, he believes that terrorism is not a state-oriented action. Cottle (2006) also believes that Taylors view is more appropriate than the view that points to the state terrorism. Taylors view (1986) is discussable since it seems that in countries with dictatorial government, state is upper hand in terror of oppositions. However, nowadays terrorism is an activity which is related to a particular actors or groups with special ideas. For example, some countries may tend to related terrorism to extremist Muslims. According to Gerrits (1992) cited in Paletz and Schmid (1992) [t]he media may provide insurgent terrorists with a good dose of the oxygen of publicity, but censorship can provide a government with the narcotic of secrecy, which is an even bigger danger to democracy. Cottle (2006) argues that the words terrorists and terrorism are used to say that actions of rebels or/ and oppositions are unlawful and illegitimate. Taheri (1987) says for one mans terrorist will always be anothers freedom fighter, but it can be said with certainly that terrorism is what terrorism does. Although there is not a single view and perspective on terrorism description across the world, terrorism and terrorism related actions carry common concepts which are fear and illegitimating. Types of terrorism To identify who has upper hand in media discourse on terrorist it may be useful to study the types of terrorism. State Terrorism: state terrorism usually refers to the state or states which intervene in the internal affairs of other governments in order to create fear or support of military operations, to weaken and overthrow a government. Domestic Terrorism: This kind of terrorism usually does anti-government activities to create fear among people to obtain attention (Powel, 2011). International terrorism: Emergence of international terrorism has increased in year 1983 (after the explosion of the Marine Battalion Landing Team Headquarters at Beirut International Airport.), and nowadays a considerable rise in international violence, especially in Asian countries, can be seen, especially after 2000 and 2001. The world has witnessed the victim of humans by international terrorism. It seems that international terrorism consists of domestic terrorism and state terrorism which support domestic terrorists. For example, serial explosions in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan, in which thousands of women and children are sent to the slaughterhouse, can be interpreted as international terrorism activity. Cyber terrorism: Dennings (2000) defines cyber terrorism as a violent attack to computer programmes, networks and secret information that leads to a severe fear and economic and political losses. Cyber terrorism is much more serious than the activity of hacker because cyber terrorism aims critical infrastructures of information technology of a country or government to obtain important information in order to use it against that government and/or special group. As the main classical tool of terrorism is explosion and firearms, the main weapon of cyber terrorist is computer. There are many ways that terrorists can use the computer as a terrorism device. The most important methods of cyber terrorism are hacking and computer viruses, electronic espionage, identity theft and destruction or manipulation of information. Who has upper hand in media discourse on terrorism? This section is going to investigate the source of the media discourse on terrorism. On the whole, if we identify who (government, the media itself or terrorist) benefits from the forming the media content about terrorism we may address better the main question of the essay. The Media or government? The media are at the heart of events because the media would like to break news. Therefore, all the discussions about terrorism come from the media, especially after the September 11 terrorist attacks because it is the media that distribute the news of the terrorism and people are informed formally about the events by the media. Media, in particular, old media such as television, radio and newspaper, has become a platform for covering and publishing the terrorists activities in recent years. As Paletz and Boiney (1992) discusses, Laqueurs (1977) indicates that terrorists tend to attack free societies. The terrorist rational is that the media is free in these societies and, therefore, media can cover violent event and publish the related news immediately. It may mean that in tighten societies the media content and news are controlled by the government and violent events may not be covered completely by the media in such societies. For example, in countries such as Spain and Italy, the press has been prohibited to cover and spread terrorist notice. (Obalance, 1989) .This is what that terrorist does not like it. The media are very well suited for the purposes of terrorists. Terrorists utilize different types of media to informed public people about their targets, values and ideas. Hoffman (2006) argues that terrorism can reach a wider target audience with the media because without media the effect of the act would be glancing. Without massive news coverage the terrorist act would resemble the proverbial tree falling in the forest: if no one learned of an incident, it would be as if it had not occurred. (Nacos 2000) Furthermore, Altheide (2006) discusses that the media is seen as an important part of publics life and known as a kind of communication which conveys news and information beyond the margins. Therefore, the media is seen as a tool which can be used by various institutions and for different targets. The media is important for terrorists because without the media they cannot spread the terror news and also they can use the media as leverage on the governments to gain their political goals (Hoffman, 2006). As the media is known as a linker between government and public it is, therefore, the best tool which government can use to inform people about incidents. Nowadays, the media have an inevitable role in promoting government programs and in creating an atmosphere to shape public opinion and decisions. Therefore, the media always has been regarded by governments. Governments with assistance of the media have achieved the unique power in the domestic and foreign area .Statesmen with using the media implement their policies and programs. Therefore, it is obvious that the government in each country have considerable dominance on the media. It can be seen that the media is a tool in the hands of statesmen and cannot act fully independently. Therefore, it might be true to say that when we discuss about the role of the media on framing and managing terrorism discourses, we investigate, in fact, the role and power of the sate which control the media content. However, one may say that the media itself is the first in managing and forming the contents on terrorism because reaction of the media to a terror and the way that the media coverage the related news are different and this may be criticized for damaging effects. The media may contribute terrorists to distribute fear among people or willingly and unwillingly provide terrorists with important information that worsen the situation in favour of terrorism and against the security and peace. This may cause authorities to meet some demands of terrorists to render the peace and calmness to the society. Cottle(2006) discusses that the media can have a progressive role in relation to violence and terror. In other words, it seems that media can encourage people to think about the causes and effects of terror and violence. This leads to form a pubic judge from people on the events. Cottle (2006) calls this phenomenon as democratize violence. However, in most cases the media may censor the fact of incidents, by media owners such as government, in corporate with public authorities to control and constraint the understanding of people of the event. (Paletz and Boiney, 1992). According to Nosseke (1985) cited in Paletz and Boiney (1992) the best way to avoid the impact of the mass media is to prevent the occurrences of terrorist attacks. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that the media, especially the old media, form and manage all news of terrorism directly and independently without the control of the governmental authorities. Terrorism Since terrorism likes a permanent non-normal situation and fear after its act and media contributes to create such a situation, terrorism is the first to wish control over the media. Miller (1982) argues that there is a relationship between media and terrorism. This relationship is inseparable because the media always covers the terrors news. Terrorism also would like to receive attention of the media. Terrorism, like an ill mannered enfant terrible, is the medias stepchild, a stepchild which the media, unfortunately, can neither completely ignore deny.(Powell, 2011) There are various factors which encourage terrorist to use different types of the media (e.g. the Internet) such as depressing their enemies such as government, creating fear among public, being famous to the public by spreading their targets and release their massages through the media. New media, in particular the Internet, has been increasingly used by terrorists to reach their goals. The evidence shows that the old media has been replaced by the Internet especially in covering terrorism discourses because of accessing speed to the news and events on the Internet. Nowadays, terrorists are not restricted geographically and are not dependent on a particular state politically or financially. To reach their murderous goals, they rely on their advanced communication capabilities, including the Internet. All terrorists have particular websites where they can communicate with their readers and followers and also can convey their propaganda. According to Hoffman (2006), almost without exception, all major (and many minor) terrorist and insurgent groups have Web sites. He then quotes from an American Internet researcher at the U.S. governments Foreign Broadcast and Information Service (FBIS): These days, if youre not on the web, you dont exist. Thus, in virtual space and t he new media environment terrorism is able to manage the media discourse and contents on the terrorism issues more freely than the traditional media because public authorities of a society can control over the old media much better than the new media though government, for example, can block some websites and filter them. Terrorism and the Internet both are related to each other. First, the Internet is a space for the both group and individual terrorists to spread their messages of hate and violence. Second, both individuals and groups have tried to attack some computer networks. This attack is known as cyber-terrorism. Communication via computer is ideal for terrorists because it cannot be controlled, limited or censored and it is free to access for everyone. Moreover, the audiences of the Internet are massive, larger than old media and it is easy, fast and inexpensive to access. More importantly, new media audiences can access a multimedia environment. For example, they can use texts, videos and songs simultaneously. Many Internet sites are used by terrorist for psychological war against governments and their military. They put terrible images and movie clips of executed hostages and captives on web sites or show militaries vehicles which have been blown up with roadside bombings or suicide. For example, Al-Zarqawi in May 2004 put on the Internet some films of cutting off the head of a US hostage. Sometimes terrorists use famous web sites like YouTube which is the best place to spread terrorists news and notices is. Terrorists use text messages and video to weak the enemy morale and scare him. Thus, it seems that terrorism is not controllable with the existence of the new media. They are able publish easily their own news, values and activities with the new media (and even with some news channel of TV). The audience can access the original publications of terrorist the Internet. This suggests that terrorism has upper hand in managing the media discourses on terrorism. Conclusion According to the literatures, it is still difficult to identify who is behind the media content and discourses on terrorism or who manages the media about the terrorism issues. However, nowadays, it can be seen that terrorism can use not only the old media but also electronic and virtual media. The media is very important for terrorists. For example, they use the media to spread some films and videos of attacks to create fear and force government or politicians to do a certain work for terrorists. With the development of the new media such as the Internet, mobile phone and etc. terrorism has been capable to manage the media contents. In this respect, terrorism has upper hand in framing the new media content for itself, though power is in hands of dominant government. Government and politician authorities use the media to apply their policy and control society. Therefore, they usually delete some terrorism related news, present incomplete information and delayed news to the audience or may be able to filter some web sites that are against of their polices. Therefore, we can conclude that the media is an important tool to frame and create discourses on terrorism and both government and terrorist have been trying to control and use the media, old and new, for their particular objectives in various ways. It seems that even in a society with free expression and complete democracy the media cannot choose a policy completely against governments policy, especially in the terrorism issues because government and state has power and control over the media. However, in the virtual environment of the media (e.g. the Internet) the control power of the government has been violated and terrorists have been able to present themselves more freely and form their ow n news contents. Rference Altheide,D.L. (2006). Terrorism and the politics of fear. Lanham, Md.: AaltaMira press. Chapter (6). Cottle,S.. (Ed.). (2006). From terrorism to the global war on terror: The media politics of outrage In Mediatizd conflict: Developments in media and conflict studies. Maiden Head: OU press. Dennings, D. (2000). Cyber terrorism, Testimony before the special Oversight Panel of Terrorism Committee on Armed Services, US House of Representative, 23 may 2000. Georgetown University.(http://www.cs.georgetown.edu/~denning/infosec/cyberterror.html). FBIS, Near East/ South Asia. Israel: Palestinian Television Broadcasts Clip Encour- again Martyrdom. Maarive (Tel Aviv) (Hebrew), August 11, 2003. Gerrits, R.P.J.M. (1992). Terrorists perspectives: memories In Palatz, D. Schmid A. (eds) (1992) Terrorism and the media (pp. 29-61). London: Sage. Hoffman,B. (2006). Inside Terrorism. Revised And Expanded Edition. Clombia University Press Laquers, W. (1977). Terrorism. Boston: Little, Brown. Miller, A.H. (1982). Terrorism, the media, and the law. New York, NY: Transnational Publishers Inc.,U.S. Nacos, B.L. (2000). Accomplice or Witness? The Medias Role in Terrorism. Current History-The Journal Contemporary World Affairs. Nosseke,H.(1985). The impact of mass media on terrorists, supports, and the public at large. In A.Merari (Ed.), On terrorism and combating terrorism (pp.87-94). Frederick, MD: University Publications of America Obalance, Edgar. (1989). Terrorism in the 1980s. (P.118) New York: Sterling Publishing Co. Inc. Paletz,D. Boiney, J. ( 1992). Researchers perpectives. In Palatz, D. Schmid A. (eds) (1992) Terrorism and the media (pp. 6-28). London: Sage. Powell, A.K (2011). framing Islam: An analysis of U.S. Media coverage of Terrorism since 9/11. Communication research, 62:1 pp: 90-112. Taheri, A. (1987). Holy Terror: Inside the world of Islamic Terrorism, Adler Adler. P.3. Taylor,P.(1986). The semantics of political violence: In P. Golding, G. Murdock and P. Schlesinger (eds) Communication politics. Leicester: Leicester University Press. DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated terms. WWW.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod-dictionary/data/t/7591.html. [14 Nov, 2011] http://www.terrorism-research.com/ http://www.fbi.gov/albuquerque/priorities

Essay --

What if people were punished, put in jail, or even killed, just for expressing their opinions? Freedom of Speech means that everyone is entitled to having an opinion , and they are able to share this opinion in any way that they would like to - online on Facebook, in public on a street corner, or even just in a face-to-face conversation with someone else. There are many different kinds of people, all with their own opinions, beliefs, and ideas and in the United states, citizens are fortunate enough to be able to share these thoughts with anybody they want to, without fear of major repercussions. The First Amendment states ( U.S Constitution ,1787) "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there of, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances." So in other words, the government is not allowed to deny us our freedom of speech and religion. I agree with the First Amendment. The government should not be allowed to control what we have to say. It would be like them controlling our thoughts. The government would then be able to control everything and that would be dangerous. The founding fathers knew that so they put the first amendment in place for that very reason. We are all individuals with our own thoughts and opinions and it should stay that way. What would happen if there was no freedom of speech? People would not be able to say what was on their mind. The government would have too much power and everyone would be the same. Basically we would be who the government wanted us to be. There would be riots an... ...es for punishment would indicate hostility toward their religion and violate the basic first amendment principle that the government may not punish a particular viewpoint. Some people do not go by the First Amendment though. They think there should be limitations to what others say because words can hurt someone, be insulting, and misunderstood. I understand that people should not say words that can be disrespectful to others, but with the first amendment they have the right to speak freely. I understand that there should be a limit to what can be said over the internet and what people say in general but they cannot stop the thoughts of other people. People should be respectful and considerate about what they are saying and respect others and what they too have to say otherwise we would have no freedom of speech. In my opinion one of our most important rights.

The Humanization of Modern-Day Film Vampires Essay -- Movies

The Humanization of Modern-Day Film Vampires His thirsts have not changed. He craves the taste of blood, the warm, life-sustaining liquid that flows so gently from the necks of his victims into his own foul mouth. He continues to hunt in the night, cursed forever from the purity of sunlight, and his immortal body still remains ageless, untouched by the rugged sands of time and trauma. Yet somehow the vampire is different than he once was. He is richer, more human in color. His clothes are no longer binding and elaborate as the capes and suits of old; he often opts for simple denim or leather pants and coats. In fact, the modern vampire can often be mistaken for any other man or woman out for a midnight stroll. These observations all show evidence of the humanization of vampires in pop culture, an evolution from the soulless, purely evil animals they once were to merely darker versions of man. As humans struggle to control their own inner desires under the burden of society, increasingly protagonist vampires question and fi ght to suppress their own dark thirsts. It is this denial of nature unknown to the strictly evil vampires of old that identifies the modern-day film vampires more closely with their human counterparts today. Vampires, in retrospect, weren’t always the socially in-tune creatures that they are today. For what reasons did these changes occur? According to social critic I.C. Jarvie, â€Å"if we look again at the movie past . . . we find that the critical posture, the portrayal of society, has long been an important subtradition of the American cinema† (Social Criticism xiii). Thus, if we refer back to some of the earliest vampire films, we might receive some clues about the nature of the society that bir... ...to pursue it. As Benjamin Hoff remarks in the Tao of Pooh, â€Å"when you know and respect your own Inner Nature, you know where you belong† (41). Perhaps, in modeling what were once seen as beasts after us, we are learning to accept rather than shun our own primitive natures. Our place in the world is as creatures that are human. Works Cited Day, William Patrick. Vampire Legends in Contemporary American Culture. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002. Hoff, Benjamin. The Tao of Pooh. New York: Penguin Books 1982. I.C. Jarvie. Movies and Society. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1970. I.C. Jarvie. Movies as Social Criticism. Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1978. Ursini, James and Alain Silver. The Vampire Film. Cranbury: A.S. Barnes and Co., Inc., 1975 Waller, Gregory A. The Living and the Undead. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986.

How Biographical Traits of Individuals Affect Organizational Performanc

How Biographical Traits of Individuals Affect Organizational Performance To study the organization behavior, that is to study the people who form the organization. The success of an organization rests on the characteristics of its people. Successful managers can observe the employees’ behavior to understand their individual characteristics, which helps to improve the employees’ performance. Therefore, the performance of employees is directly related to their biographical characteristics and abilities. These factors affect employees’ interaction with others and reaction to various situations in the workplace. Then how these characteristics affect organizational performance? To learn about this, we should first know what biographical characteristics are. Biographical characteristics are personal characteristics—such as age, gender, and marital status—that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records. Let’s take a look at the first characteristic—age. The issue about age and performance is quite controversial. When we consider this aspect, the thought that aged-old workers have lower level of performance may easily and firstly come into mind. Is that true? In some work field, the answer is to some extend yes. People’s physical condition is inevitably degenerating when they are aging old. They do no have as much energy as the young have in everyday time. For example, does a tourist company manager would like to recruit a tourist guide wh... How Biographical Traits of Individuals Affect Organizational Performanc How Biographical Traits of Individuals Affect Organizational Performance To study the organization behavior, that is to study the people who form the organization. The success of an organization rests on the characteristics of its people. Successful managers can observe the employees’ behavior to understand their individual characteristics, which helps to improve the employees’ performance. Therefore, the performance of employees is directly related to their biographical characteristics and abilities. These factors affect employees’ interaction with others and reaction to various situations in the workplace. Then how these characteristics affect organizational performance? To learn about this, we should first know what biographical characteristics are. Biographical characteristics are personal characteristics—such as age, gender, and marital status—that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records. Let’s take a look at the first characteristic—age. The issue about age and performance is quite controversial. When we consider this aspect, the thought that aged-old workers have lower level of performance may easily and firstly come into mind. Is that true? In some work field, the answer is to some extend yes. People’s physical condition is inevitably degenerating when they are aging old. They do no have as much energy as the young have in everyday time. For example, does a tourist company manager would like to recruit a tourist guide wh...

Notes on Medical Sociology

Moreover, medicine is a social institution of normative coercion, and medical sociology studies not only the subjective experience of health and illness but also the social, economical, and political context within those experiences take part. We said that medicine Is coercive since doctors regulate our lives through medical treatments and conceptualizing society (for example crime and rebellious acts). Thus, we can talk about a â€Å"medical regime† and a â€Å"medical government† (p. Xiv).Historically speaking, from the creation of medical sociology as a specific subfield of sociology (in the 1 ass's), It has been focus on the study of the relation between doctor-patient with vital Importance of the â€Å"sick role† (Parsons). But It must study beyond that relation; social class, ethnicity, gender, age, demographical issues, epidemiology, globalization†¦ All these elements become relevant nowadays (p. Xvi). Chapter 8 – The new medical sociology Our world has witnessed a huge International change called globalization.It has changed social and economical relations, and also political. Health issues such as WAITS have been spread by globalization (the increase of tourism, more flights, migration, trade†¦ So on). â€Å"Globalization has integrated world health into a single, highly Interconnected system† (p. 270). Thus, globalization spreads diseases (97 lion people traveled by air from the states to other countries by the rand;sass). Medical sociology has studied health and illness and medicine as a social institution. Also, it has created a complete body of knowledge, but we need to make a greater emphasis In other elements like economics, politics, rights, and citizenship, all of them key elements In the contemporary society. In few words, we need a new medical sociology since we have a new medical economy, which is based on the pharmaceutical industry, insurance companies, research and development in emetics, micro biology, Information science, management of life processes (reproduction, aging, death†¦ ) (p. 271). â€Å"In more direct terms. He medial economy Is based on the production, reproduction, and management of the human body' (p. 272). The modern context of medicine The medical profession used to rest on political powers and on the trust of the public. This statement entails the existence of a medical dominance and the existence of a consulting ethic. But these elements have changed because of the globalization (a global and corporate medical system) and the commercial potential f health and illness, changing the relations between doctors and patients.However, not always doctors have got such a great social prestige; medical discoveries Like Immunization, or Improvement In surgery Like anesthesia, electrolyte physiology, or cardiopulmonary physiology in the 20th century, had established medicine as a FIFO clientele attenuator Ana a prestige protesters. Nevertheless, meal technolo gy NAS advanced and it ruined medicine's autonomy, but these technological advances entail risks and dangers for social rights (p. 273). All these things have challenged the rust in medicine and doctors as professionals (p. 74). â€Å"Any understanding of medicine in contemporary society will have to examine the economics of the corporate structure of medical practice and locate that corporate structure within a set of global processes† (p. 274). The new medical economy has spread diseases and old pandemics, panicking society in specific cases like AIDS (Hollywood films have reflected that panic/fear). In this way, the new medical sociology must draw attention to citizenship and civil rights, like a clean environment, adequate food and water applies, medical services†¦ P. 275). The centralization of health and medical care has changed, as well, the model of health care. Nowadays we must study international health policies, which entail vital problems because of the natio ns' sovereignty and international treatments (like the human rights). As we see, politics are really related to the new medical economy (p. 276) NP: SE habit De medicine alternative, peer sat SE llama â€Å"alternative† pursue hay nun dominate.Thus, the new medical economy is liked with the rise of neo-liberal policies and ideology, and hey do not suit with the social-welfare-working-class ideology of Europe, where the health is a social and public issue (centralized more or less by the state), whereas in the States health is a private-individual matter (related to philanthropy as well) (p. 277). â€Å"The modern development of corporate control over medical care as contributed to the decline of professional autonomy, initiative, and social status† (p. 278).Furthermore, the free-market policies has undermined the welfare state in Europe and increased more the gap between classes in the US, increasing the poverty rates and the infant mortality. Also, the changes within the medical care system have brought physicians face to face since now there are more specialists (p. 279). The centralization of health care has also undermined the trust in doctors, since there are lots of different possibilities in the market (p. 279) NP: SE ha period conflate en la medicine o en Los mdiscos com functionaries p;blocs.Se deaconess De la technological o De la biracial. Reproductive technologies, microbiology, and genetic engineering have supposed huge changes within the medical system and the public confidence in the medical professionals. Moreover, hey have entailed a medical revolution which affects to all social rights (p. 280). â€Å"This revolution is a threat to traditional institutions and religious cosmologies, but it may also challenge the processes of political governance† (p. 281). Thus, the new medical sociology must take into account the concept of risk society/global risk.This notion of risk has to do with the unintended and unexpected results of medical research and experimentation (p. 281). In this way, the globalization and the expansion of capitalism have introduced private business into public universities and research entrees, creating bias within the investigations and doing less critical works. Moreover, within the new system there is a big problem with the patents of drugs (p. 282). (Examples De problems con patents en Г?Africa y USA pГg. 283).Regulation, the professions, and scientific knowledge â€Å"Globalization has intensified the dynamic relationship of risk and regulations† (p. 284). Regulations and deregulation play a complex game influenced by global cog pneumatically companies Ana tenet drugs' sloe erects are economy an protected, in many cases, by federal laws and federal agencies in the States. Some drugs constitute a whole lifestyle, like Approach or Pixel. The sociology of health and illness must study the measures of controlling these risks and the social agents that can make it poss ible; either the state or medical profession (p. 286).In the sass Parsons published The Social System, developing the concept of the sick role, and the notion of medical profession as a completely autonomous profession capable of manage its business and make a beneficial contribution to the medical academy. Moreover, he stated the existence and need of a medical power which consists in a deiced regime that must be accepted by the patient in order to return to a â€Å"normal/ healthy' state (since sickness is a kind of deviance). However, medical profession has proved that it is not so autonomous and it depends in these days on economical powers and financial relations (p. 86). In Britain, successive governments have tried to create medical markets in order to create medical competence (and they were successful as well as the changes within education system). The professions are disappearing, â€Å"the professions are not and cannot be effective regulatory devices in a global-risk society' (p. 288). The risk society has complex socioeconomic relations, thus, governments need specialized and expert opinions. But the scientific knowledge is profoundly linked with political issues and ideology.In many cases the chosen option attends more to political matters rather than health and welfare issues (p. 289). Furthermore, the scientific knowledge itself has become more complex and expertise do not always agree to each other. Also, the time is a vital problem for health policies and the management of risks. Drug tests and medical experiments need long periods of time, and this influences on the policies and on the economical/financial relations between companies, states, and universities (p. 290). Moreover, there are moral problems with organ transplants and cloning (p. 91). Technology, law, and the body The new medical sociology has to take into account international and national law since globalization creates new unregulated risks that must be regulated (like clon ing, reproductive technologies, or organ transplants). These laws have to constraint the bad unintended results of medical experimentation and investigation. Since neo-liberal ideas claim for a free market, the regulation of drugs and reattempts (of human rights) must be carried out by government and policies.Nevertheless, some authors think that those advances are going to be abided to capitalist economy, however, as Max Weber stated even the capitalist system needs a legal framework in order to work and legitimate its dynamic (p. 292). Thus, medical corporations want a free market in order to get more benefits albeit they need some kind of law to protect themselves and their products (p. 293). Medical citizenship The new medical sociology does not have to construct a concept of citizenship according to moral values (like human rights), since it is a positive science.Instead of that, sociology has treated citizenship in social terms, and I has acknowledged the central importance of health and medical technologies in the political struggle these days (p. 293). Thus, health is considered as a social right, but there is scarcity since our expectations (baby boomers' expectations above all) are much more higher than the actual capacity of medicine for providing treatments and solutions. Furthermore, tenure Is a Dalliance Detente â€Å"get economical Detentes† Ana â€Å"get inanely Testicles† (p. 294). Neo-liberal policies increase social inequalities and damaged social solidarity.Thus, social citizenship would be a good political response to bring up social Justice to our consumer culture. Since there is scarcity both social capital and social status play vital roles to maintain a healthy lifestyle, and this type of lifestyle is socially desirable since it is embedded in our consumer culture (probably because of capitalism but also because of the neo-conservative ideas you fight against scarcity and the high budgets => they passed the responsibility to individuals), and this is vital because nowadays there are more chronic diseases which need long-term social resources (p. 295 and 296).Thus, medical demands are (and will keep being) central in political campaigns, and social citizenship institutions would protect individuals from capitalist free-market. This means that sociology has to take into account this new political dimension very related to rights, freedoms, liberties, medicine, welfare (which is not the same as medicine), moral boundaries†¦ (p. 297). Moreover, the new medical sociology has to face the changes occurred within democracy. Since we live in a globalizes world, the boundaries of social rights have changed, as well as the concept of citizenship is more complex.Are outsiders subject o be medically treated? (p. 299). On the other hand, the new medical sociology must pay attention to the situation of women, since we live in a post-forbids society which keep the patriarchy as main element of gender dominance (p. 301). Equality and health We need to distinguish between morbidity rates and mortality rates since they show us changes over time (p. 302). Age, gender, ethnicity, class have to do with those health inequalities (p. 303). Cambiums en lass unfermented (important) en la paging 304. Neoconservatives and economic deregulation Keynesian era has ended and deregulation are common since the Cold War.The idea is to avoid free riders and let the market be free of governmental constraints. The public sector, thus, is transferring competences to the private sector, to individuals, and to charity and philanthropy. This entails a change in the very notion of social citizenship created by the welfare states (p. 307). Moreover, neoconservatives encourages the voluntary sector not because they want to create an â€Å"active citizenship†, but because it would decrease the public expenditure and he welfare services = public cost (p. 309). Conclusion: globalization, citizenship, and social capitalNeoconservatives is dangerous for individuals' health, for social cohesion (social capital) and for social rights since it diminishes governments authority (p. 310). Contemporary West is tied up to serve to market logic and economical rationalism (p. 311). The new medical sociology must explain those asymmetrical relations and connect our personal problems with the global social structure (as Wright Mills said) (p. 312). â€Å"Sociologists have the moral role to illuminate and criticize the social problems of the period in which he or she lives† (p. 312). Personal experiences are linked with bigger structures (p. 313).

The Frustrations of Teachers about Students’ Behavior

Careers and Colleges It is difficult for first time job hunters to have realistic ideas about how to profit from their skills. This is why it is important to investigate what career you may be interested in and what colleges will enable you to excell in that career. The profession that I am interested into going into is an elementary school teacher. Fordham University and New York University are two colleges that offer excellent elementary education programs. Throughout this report I will be discussing information related to the career as well as information dealing with the colleges. Career: Elementary School Teacher Work Description School teachers at the elementary level introduce children to the basic concepts of mathematics, language, science, and social studies. They aid children in the development of good study and work habits and help them aquire the skills necessary for further education. They evaluate each child and work with parents to provide whatever help a child may need to develop his or her full potential. Elementary school teachers are also concerned with the social development and health of their students. They work to resolve behavior or personality problems and are alert to health problems or illness. In these early years, teachers try to give students as much individual attention as possible. Elementary school teachers usually instruct one class of children in several subjects. They are occupied directly with children for most of the school day, although they also prepare lessons, meet with parents, attend faculty meetings, and supervise activities after school. Working Conditions Seeing students develop new skills and gain an appreciation of knowledge and learningn can be very rewarding. However, teaching may be frustrating when the teacher has to deal with unmotivated and disrespectful students. Teachers may also expeirience stress when dealing with large classes and heavy workloads. Teachers face isolation from their colleagues since they often work alone in a classroom of students. However, this autonomy provides teachers with freedom to choose there own teaching methods. Including school duties performed outside the classroom, many teachers work more than 40 hours a week. Most teachers work the traditional 10-month school year with a 2-month vacation during the summer. Teachers who teach 10 months may teach in the summer, take other jobs, travel, or persue other personal interests. Many inroll in college course or workshops to continue their education. Teachers in districts with a year-round schedule usually work 8 weeks, and are on vacation for 1 week, and have a 5-week midwinter. Places of Employment Elementary teahcers work in every geographic area. They work in cities and towns of all sizes and in rural areas throughout the United States. Elementay school teachers generally work in elementary schools. The grades in elementary schools vary but many schools consist of kindergaten through fifth grade. Although it changes from state to state, the elementary level usually includes kindergaten through sixth grade. Education and Training All states and the District of Columbia require that elementary school teachers in the public schools be certified by the state board of education, the state superintendent of eduaction, or a certification advisory commitee. The general prerequisites are a bachelor†s degree, completion of an approved teacher education program, and a period of supervised teacher education program. Many states require a certain grade point average in education courses before granting certification. Certification may also be specific to the level being taught or it may be specific to a specialization. Many teacher education programs include courses in the psychology of learning, child development, and teaching methods. Thirty-five ststes test basic skills, teaching skills, or specific subject matters for those seeking certification, and almost all require continuing certification for recertification. Teachers can also earn regional or national accreditation, the lattter granted by the National Council for Accreditation of Teaching Education (NCATE). Teachers in private schools are not generally required to take a teacher†s education program, and private schools often do not require the bachelor†s degree. Job Outlook In 1986 there were more than 1. 5 million elementary school teachers for about 30 million students in classes from kindergarten through the eigth grade. More than 80 percent work in the oublic school system and teach in schools with classes from kindergarten through the sixth grade. Through the year 2000 the demand for elementary school teachers should increase in response to increased enrollments. However, the number of teachers is also expected to increase, so there should be strong competition for jobs. Oppurtunities are likely to be better in the West and the South, where population has risen dramatically in the past decade. Hiring for the public schools depends entirly on budget appropriations, which depend in turn on taxpayers† priorities. Despite the importance of teaching, education competes with other essential services for revenue dollars. Salary Range According to the National Education Association, the estimated average salary of all public elementary and secondary school teachers in the 1995-1996 school year was $37,900. Private school teachers generally earn less than public school teachers. In 1996, over half of all public school teachers belonged to unions-mainly the American Federation of Teachers and the National Education Association-that bargain with school systems over wages, hours, and the terms and conditions of employment. In some schools, teachers receive extra pay for coaching sports and working with students in extracurricular activities. Some teachers earn extra income during the summer working in the school system or in other jobs. Personal Characteristics/Related Occupations/Promotions Elementary school teachers require a wide variety of skills and aptitude, including a talent for working with children; organizational, administrative, and recordkeeping abilities; research and communication skills; the power of influence, motivate and train others; patience; and creativity. Workers in other occupations that require some of these skills are college and university faculty, counselors, education administrators, employment interviewers, librarians, preschool teachers, public realations specialists, sales representatives, social workers, and trainers and employee development specialists. With additional preparation, teachers may move into positions as school librarians, reading specialists, curriculum specialists, or guidance coundelors. Teachers may also become administrators or supervisors, although the number of these positions is limited and competition for these desirable positions can be intense. In some systems, highly qualified, expeirienced teachers can become senior or mentor teachers, with higher pay and additional responsibilities. They guide and assist less expieienceed teachers while keeping most of their teaching responsibilities. Also a teacher may receive a promotion in pay with the completion of additional teaching courses. With each year a teacher teaches in a certain district, the pay increases. What you can do now to prepare There are many things that one can do to prepare for a career of elementary education. Someone who would like to become an elementary teacher should try finding a part time or volunteer job involving children. Such jobs include preschool teachers, camp counselors, or even baby-sitting. By working with children you will show yourself whether or not you have the dependability, good judgement, creativity, and patience that one must have in order to become a elementary teacher. Lifestyle Implications Despite what many people think, the teaching profession does not end when school is over. There are many lifestyle implications for teachers. Many things must be done at home. Such things include the planning of lessons, the grading of tests, homework corrections, faculty meetings, supervising extracurricular activities as well as the physical strain of being in charge of 25 children for six to seven hours a day for five days a week. Many people have thoughts of going into the teaching profession for the reason that they think they have summers off and that work ends when school does but this is not true. Reasons for Choosing the Career I think everyone has there own reasons for choosing teaching as there profession, but most teachers have similar reasons. Most teachers go into teaching because they want to educate and see children learn. One gets a feeling of satisfaction when they get through to children and see that the students are learning. I think most teachers go into the career because they care very much for children. When the school year is over, a teacher can look back at the year and realize that it is because of them that the children learned and are ready to go on with there education to a higher level of learning. One should be sure about teaching before entering the field because it is a very big profession to take on. Geographic Job Index How to Break into the Field Professional Associations/Periodicals In 1996, over half of all public school teachers belonged to unions. The two main associations are the American Federation of Teachers and the National Education Association. These associations deal with a large range of issues and challenges affecting the teaching profession. They bargain with school systems over wages, hours, and the terms and conditions of employment. Both of these association have there own periodicals that deal with education-realted issues afeecting the profession.